摘要:英语中的使役动词和具有使役意义的动词是两个不同的概念,而具有使役意义的动词数量颇多,用法较复杂,有使役动词,半使役动词,有表动态的,表静态(状态)的;其在句子中的结构也不尽相同,故探讨之,以供学习者参考。
关键词:使役动词半使役动词动态状态复合结构
中图分类号:H319 文献标识码: A文章编号:1672-1578(2010)02-0023-02
英语中具有使役意义的动词较多,跟人们常常说的使役动词不是一个概念。通常我们说使役动词,指的是make, have, let这三个动词,它们在后接不定式作宾语补足语时要省去不定式符号to的特定用法。但具有使役意义的动词数量上远不止这些,用法也较灵活,现将其分类叙述如下,以饷读者。(注:英语动词意义丰富,在此仅限于“使役”意义。)
1 使役动词have, let, make (常用于复合结构)
1.1 have的用法
(1) have +宾语+省to不定式:表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事,宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。而且还可以与情态动词will, would连用,不用于被动结构。
The rich lady had the singer eat with his servants.
I will have him come and help you.
(2) have+宾语+现在分词:表示让某人或物连续进行某动作或处于某状态中,宾语和宾补是一种主动关系。亦可转化为“劝说,鼓励”宾语干某事。
The two cheats had the lights burning all night long.
He had us waiting for him three hours yesterday.
I have them all talking to each other in English. 我鼓励他们用英语交谈。
(3) have +宾语+过去分词:表示主语的主观意志,即主语让别人为自己完成某事,宾语和宾补是动宾关系。还可以表示主语遭受到来利或不测的事。
Tom said he had had his TV set repaired.
Tom had his wallet stolen on the bus yesterday.
“别人”在句中一般不出现,这是它与结构1)的区别所在。试比较:
Have you washed your clothes? 你洗了衣服了吗?(自己洗)
Have you had your clothes washed? 你叫人洗了衣服了吗?(别人洗)
(4) have+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语作宾补
Please have your tickets ready.
The Emperor had nothing on.
I am sure I’ll have him in the argument.
1.2 let的用法
(1) let +宾语+省to不定式:表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事,宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系,罕用于被动语态。有时也可指一种假设。let后不能接现在分词,过去分词作宾补。
Let them stay in the classroom and do their exercises themselves.
Let AB be equal to CD. 假设AB等于CD。
(2) let+宾语+副词/介词短语作宾补
Let me in and let them out.
Who let you into the building?
1.3 make的用法
(1) make +宾语+省to不定式:表示主语“要”“使”“让”宾语干某事,宾语和宾补之间是一种主动关系。此结构常用被动结构。make后不接现在分词作宾补。
The teacher made the naughty boy stand there for an hour.
The naughty boy was made to stand there for an hour.
(2) make+宾语+过去分词,此结构中的宾语指人时常用到反身代词。
He raised his voice to make himself heard.
Can you easily make yourself understood in English?
They will make an important plan known to the public soon.
(3) make+宾语+形容词,宾语亦可是从句。
The news made her happy.
He made it clear that he objected to the proposal.
2 “半使役动词”(amaze, astonish等)
“半使役动词”在英语语法上还是一个没有被认同的概念或术语,而只是认可了其v-ing形式和v-ed形式作为形容词使用。但这类词汇数量较大,使用频率高,业已成为学习和考查中的重点,难点,易混易错点,而且在教学一线已经广泛地被教师和学生所接受。半使役动词之所以得名,一则它们的意义都有“使某人感到……”,再则是为了与具有特殊用法的使役动词let, have, make等区别开来。
2.1常见的半使役动词
amaze(使某人感到惊呀),astonish(使某人感到惊奇),
bore(使某人感到厌倦), complicate(使某人感到复杂),
confuse(使某人感到迷惑),disappoint (使某人感到失望),
delight(使某人感到高兴),discourage(使某人感到气馁),
distinguish(使某人感到显著),excite (使某人感到兴奋),
encourage(使某人感到鼓舞),exhaust (使某人感到疲倦),
frighten(使某人感到恐惧),interest (使某人感到有趣),
inspire(使某人感到刺激),move(使某人感到激动),
please(使某人感到高兴),puzzle(使某人感到不解),
satisfy(使某人感到满意),surprise(使某人感到惊异),
shock(使某人感到震惊),strike (使某人感到震动),
tire(使某人感到疲惫),upset (使某人感到迷惑不解)等等。
2.2半使役动词的主动式用法:something + Vt. + somebody
如:What surprised him most was her bravery.
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